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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sechenov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Sechenov Medical Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сеченовский вестник</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2218-7332</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-3348</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Сеченовский Университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47093/2218-7332.2024.953.15</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sechenov-1034</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MODELING IN MEDICINE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ В МЕДИЦИНЕ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Deep learning for early detection of papillary bladder cancer on a limited set of cystoscopic images</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Глубокое обучение в выявлении раннего папиллярного рака мочевого пузыря на ограниченном наборе цистоскопических изображений</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1032-4650</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Розова</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rozova</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Влада Стефановна Розова, PhD, научный сотрудник Школы вычислительных и информационных систем </p><p>ул. Граттэн, Парквилл Виктория, г. Мельбурн, 3010</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vlada S. Rozova, PhD, Research Fellow, School of Computing and Information Systems</p><p>Grattan str., Parkville Victoria, Melbourne, 3010</p><p>   </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8296-4345</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Руссо</surname><given-names>К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Russo</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Карло Руссо, PhD, научный сотрудник лаборатории вычислительной нейрохирургии </p><p>Балаклава Роуд, Маккуори Парк, г. Сидней, 2109</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Carlo Russo, PhD, Researcher, Computational NeuroSurgery (CNS) Laboratory</p><p>Balaclava Rd, Macquarie Park, Sydney, 2109</p><p>   </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9459-5847</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лекарев</surname><given-names>В. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lekarev</surname><given-names>V. Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владимир Юрьевич Лекарев, канд. мед. наук, врач-уролог онкологического урологического отделения Университетской клинической больницы № 2</p><p>ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2, г. Москва, 119048</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir Y. Lekarev, Cand. of Sci. (Medicine), urologist, Oncologic Urology Department, University Clinical Hospital No. 2</p><p>8/2, Trubetskaya str., Moscow, 119991</p><p>   </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7933-1337</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казанцева</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kazantseva</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Влада Владимировна Казанцева, студентка 3-го курса</p><p>ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2, г. Москва, 119048</p><p>   </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vlada V. Kazantseva, 3th year student</p><p>8/2, Trubetskaya str., Moscow, 119991</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6513-9888</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дымов</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dymov</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алим Мухамедович Дымов, канд. мед. наук, врач-уролог, старший научный сотрудник НИИ уронефрологии и репродуктивного здоровья человека</p><p>ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2, г. Москва, 119048</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alim M. Dymov, Cand. of Sci. (Medicine), urologist, Senior Researcher, Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health</p><p>8/2, Trubetskaya str., Moscow, 119991</p><p>   </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4042-7813</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ржевский</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rzhevskiy</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей Сергеевич Ржевский, PhD, научный сотрудник лаборатории направленного транспорта лекарственных препаратов Института молекулярной тераностики Научно-технологического парка биомедицины </p><p>ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2, г. Москва, 119048</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey S. Rzhevskiy, PhD, Researcher, Laboratory of Targeted Transport of Drugs, Institute of Molecular Theranostics, Scientific and Technological Park of Biomedicine</p><p>8/2, Trubetskaya str., Moscow, 119991</p><p>   </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rzhevskiy_a_s@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8799-2257</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Звягин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zvyagin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Андрей Васильевич Звягин, д-р физ.-мат. наук, заместитель директора Института молекулярной тераностики Научно-технологического парка биомедицины ФГАОУ ВО «Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет); почетный доцент Школы математических и физических наук Университета Маккуори</p><p>Балаклава Роуд, Маккуори Парк, г. Сидней, 2109</p><p>ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2, г. Москва, 119048</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey V. Zvyagin, Dr. of Sci. (Physics and Mathematics), Deputy Director, Institute of Molecular Theranostics, Scientific and Technological Park of Biomedicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University); Honorary Associate Professor, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Macquarie University</p><p>Balaclava Rd, Macquarie Park, Sydney, 2109</p><p>8/2, Trubetskaya str., Moscow, 119991</p><p>   </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Мельбурнский университет</institution><country>Австралия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Melbourne</institution><country>Australia</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Маккуори</institution><country>Австралия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Macquarie University</institution><country>Australia</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Маккуори; ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Macquarie University; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>61</fpage><lpage>70</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Rozova V.S., Russo C., Lekarev V.Y., Kazantseva V.V., Dymov A.M., Rzhevskiy A.S., Zvyagin A.V., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Розова В.С., Руссо К., Лекарев В.Ю., Казанцева В.В., Дымов А.М., Ржевский А.С., Звягин А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rozova V.S., Russo C., Lekarev V.Y., Kazantseva V.V., Dymov A.M., Rzhevskiy A.S., Zvyagin A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.sechenovmedj.com/jour/article/view/1034">https://www.sechenovmedj.com/jour/article/view/1034</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a convolutional neural network (CNN) in detecting papillary bladder cancer (PBC) using a limited set of cystoscopic images.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Twenty patients who underwent white light cystoscopy and histologically confirmed papillary bladder cancer were included in the study. The dataset included 125 images retrieved and marked by a urologist: 88 images were papillary tumors and 37 were healthy bladder wall tissue. 100 images were selected for training and 25 images were selected for validation. The U-net architecture and the CNN VGG16 model were used. A binary mask was manually created for each image based on the comments given by the urologist. Each image was additionally processed for model compatibility, with 224×224 pixel images as input to reduce the number of parameters. The dataset was augmented by applying vertical and horizontal turns, as well as random rotations. The following metrics were calculated: Dice coefficient, sensitivity, specificity, proportion of false positives and false negatives, accuracy, and area under the ROC curve.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The original data set yielded the following parameters: specificity 84.56%, sensitivity 82.18%, false positive rate 15.44%, false negative rate 17.82%, accuracy 76.40%, and a Dice coefficient 83.16%. For the augmented dataset, the following values were obtained: specificity: 82.99%, sensitivity: 82.70%, false positive rate 17.01%, false negative rate 17.30%, accuracy 74.72%, Dice coefficient – 82.82%. The area under the ROC curves was 92.93% for the original dataset and 91.69% for the augmented dataset.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The CNN created in this study can detect signs of early PBC when analyzing cystoscopic images. The results of the study can be a starting point for developing new methods to diagnose PBC using deep learning technologies.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Разработать и изучить эффективность сверточной нейронной сети (СНС) в обнаружении папиллярного рака мочевого пузыря (РМП) на ограниченном наборе цистоскопических изображений.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В исследование включены 20 пациентов, которым проведена цистоскопия в белом свете и гистологически подтвержден папиллярный рак мочевого пузыря. Набор данных состоял из 125 изображений, извлеченных и размеченных врачом-урологом: 88 изображений – папиллярные опухоли, 37 – здоровая ткань стенки мочевого пузыря. Для обучения были отобраны 100 изображений, а для тестирования – 25. Использована архитектура U-net и модель СНС VGG16. Для каждого кадра вручную создавалась двоичная маска на основе комментариев, предоставленных врачом-урологом. Каждое изображение было дополнительно обработано для совместимости с моделью, на вход подавались изображения размером 224×224 пикселя для уменьшения количества параметров. С целью расширения набора данных применили вертикальные и горизонтальные повороты в сочетании со случайными вращениями. Рассчитана метрика Дайса, чувствительность, специфичность, доля ложноположительных и ложноотрицательных значений, точность; площадь под ROC-кривой.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Для исходного набора данных получены следующие показатели: специфичность 84,56%, чувствительность 82,18%, доля ложноположительных результатов 15,44%, ложноотрицательных 17,82%, точность 76,40%, метрика Дайса – 83,16%. Для расширенного набора данных получены следующие показатели: специфичность 82,99%, чувствительность 82,70%, доля ложноположительных результатов 17,01%, ложноотрицательных 17,30%, точность 74,72%, метрика Дайса 82,82%. Площадь под ROC-кривыми составила 92,93% для исходного набора данных и 91,69% для расширенного набора данных.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Признаки раннего папиллярного РМП при анализе цистоскопических изображений можно обнаружить с помощью созданной СНС. Результаты исследования могут служить отправной точкой для развития новых методов диагностики РМП с использованием технологий глубокого обучения.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цистоскопия</kwd><kwd>обнаружение опухолей</kwd><kwd>сегментация изображений</kwd><kwd>сверточная нейронная сеть</kwd><kwd>расширенный набор данных</kwd><kwd>метрика Дайса</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cystoscopy</kwd><kwd>tumor detection</kwd><kwd>image segmentation</kwd><kwd>convolutional neural network</kwd><kwd>augmented dataset</kwd><kwd>Dice coefficient</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проведено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 22-24-20129.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the grant No. 22-24-20129 from the Russian Science Foundation.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sung H., Feобоrlay J., Siegel R.L., et al. 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