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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sechenov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Sechenov Medical Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сеченовский вестник</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2218-7332</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-3348</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Сеченовский Университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47093/2218-7332.2025.16.4.20-30</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sechenov-1457</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SURGERY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ХИРУРГИЯ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Validation of a test setup for measuring compression load under elements of multilayer bandages: an in vitro study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Валидация испытательного стенда для измерения компрессионной нагрузки под элементами многослойных повязок: исследование in vitro</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2460-6881</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зазулин</surname><given-names>С. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zazulin</surname><given-names>S. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зазулин Сергей Константинович, канд. мед. наук, научный руководитель </p><p>ул. Майская, д. 21, д. Погорелки, Московская область, 141032</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey K. Zazulin, Cand. of Sci. (Medicine), Scientific Director</p><p>21, Mayskaya str., Pogorelki vill., Moscow Region, 141032</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sk-z@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5477-0084</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Титкова</surname><given-names>С. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Titkova</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Титкова Светлана Михайловна, старший научный сотрудник отдела экспериментальной хирургии Института хирургии</p><p>ул. Островитянова, д. 1, стр. 6, г. Москва, 117513</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana M. Titkova, Senior Researcher, Department of Experimental Surgery, Institute of Surgery</p><p>1/6, Ostrovityanova str., Moscow, 117513</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7512-2641</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ануров</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Anurov</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ануров Михаил Владимирович, д-р мед. наук, заведующий отделом экспериментальной хирургии Института хирургии</p><p>ул. Островитянова, д. 1, стр. 6, г. Москва, 117513</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail V. Anurov, Dr. of Sci. (Medicine), Head of Department of Experimental Surgery, Institute of Surgery</p><p>1/6, Ostrovityanova str., Moscow, 117513</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1511-3692</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Габузов</surname><given-names>Г. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gabuzov</surname><given-names>G. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Габузов Григорий Георгиевич, инженер отдела нейрокомпьютерных интерфейсов, отдела экспериментальной хирургии Института хирургии </p><p>ул. Островитянова, д. 1, стр. 6, г. Москва, 117513</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Grigory G. Gabuzov, Engineer, Department of Neurocomputer Interfaces, Department of Experimental Surgery, Institute of Surgery</p><p>1/6, Ostrovityanova str., Moscow, 117513</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2846-3854</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чиж</surname><given-names>Е. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chizh</surname><given-names>E. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чиж Екатерина Юрьевна, медицинский директор </p><p>ул. Майская, д. 21, д. Погорелки, Московская область, 141032; пр-д 2-й Боткинский, д. 5, г. Москва, 125284</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina Yu. Chizh, Medical Director</p><p>21, Mayskaya str., Pogorelki vill., Moscow Region, 141032; 5, 2nd Botkinsky proezd, Moscow, 125284</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8872-2401</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бровкин</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Brovkin</surname><given-names>А. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бровкин Алексей Евгеньевич, главный хирург </p><p>ул. Щукинская, д. 20, г. Москва, 123182</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Аlexey E. Brovkin, Chief Surgeon</p><p>20, Shchukinskaya str., Moscow, 123182</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «Инновационные технологии реабилитации»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>LLC “Innovative Technologies of Rehabilitation”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «Инновационные технологии реабилитации»; ГБУЗ «Московский многопрофильный научно-клинический центр имени С.П. Боткина» Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>LLC “Innovative Technologies of Rehabilitation”; Botkin Hospital</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГКУ «Центральный клинический военный госпиталь»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Central Clinical Military Hospital</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>20</fpage><lpage>30</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Zazulin S.K., Titkova S.M., Anurov M.V., Gabuzov G.G., Chizh E.Y., Brovkin А.E., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зазулин С.К., Титкова С.М., Ануров М.В., Габузов Г.Г., Чиж Е.Ю., Бровкин А.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zazulin S.K., Titkova S.M., Anurov M.V., Gabuzov G.G., Chizh E.Y., Brovkin А.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.sechenovmedj.com/jour/article/view/1457">https://www.sechenovmedj.com/jour/article/view/1457</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To develop and validate a test setup for measuring the load under compression elements (CE) of multilayer bandages composed of materials with different stiffness.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Prototypes of multilayer bandages were fabricated in the laboratory by combining three types of CEs (foam polymer and dense nonwoven viscose material) with three types of fixing fabrics (FF) based on polyester and viscose/polyester. The test setup consisted of an upper-limb model made of rigid plastic covered with artificial skin and a block with two strain‑gauge sensors that recorded the load in gram-force (gf) under the CE area and in a control zone without a CE at an external pressure of 40 mmHg. For each CE–FF combination, 10 repeated measurements were performed in two regions of the sample (60 values per sensor per group), and the data were analysed using nonparametric statistical tests.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The load under the CE differed significantly between groups (p &lt; 0.001) and depended on the type and stiffness of the material: the median load under type 3 CE with the highest stiffness was 259.4 (252.6; 263.3) gf, whereas under type 1 CE with the lowest stiffness it was 149.9 (145.1; 171.9) gf. Type 2 CE produced intermediate values of 241.7 (206.4; 259.3) gf. Testing of the FFs also showed statistically significant differences in pressure in the absence of a CE (p &lt; 0.001): the highest load was recorded under type 2 FF (viscose/polyester) at 141.0 (140.2; 142.1) gf, and the lowest under type 1 FF made of polyester with higher surface density at 14.5 (14.3; 15.6) gf; type 3 FF provided an intermediate level of 65.7 (64.9; 69.3) gf.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The developed in vitro setup shows high sensitivity to differences in CE stiffness and FF properties and can be used as a screening tool for quantitative comparative assessment of multilayer bandage prototypes with locally differentiated compression areas prior to in vivo studies.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Разработать и валидировать испытательный стенд для измерения нагрузки под компрессионными элементами (КЭ) многослойных повязок, состоящих из различных по жесткости типов материала.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Лабораторно изготовлены прототипы многослойных повязок путем сочетания трех типов КЭ (из пенополимера и плотного нетканого материала из вискозы) и трех типов фиксирующих полотен (ФП) на основе полиэфира и вискозы/полиэфира. Испытательный стенд представлял собой макет верхней конечности из твердого пластика с искусственной кожей и блоком из двух тензорезистивных датчиков, регистрирующих нагрузку в граммах силы (гс) под участком с КЭ и контрольной зоной без КЭ при внешнем давлении 40 мм рт. ст. Для каждой комбинации КЭ–ФП выполняли по 10 повторных измерений в двух зонах образца (60 значений с датчика в группе); анализ проводили с использованием непараметрических критериев.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Нагрузка под КЭ статистически значимо различалась между группами (p &lt; 0,001) и зависела от типа и жесткости материала: медиана нагрузки под КЭ 3-го типа с максимальной жесткостью составила 259,4 (252,6; 263,3) гс, тогда как под КЭ 1-го типа с минимальной жесткостью – 149,9 (145,1; 171,9) гс. КЭ 2-го типа формировал промежуточные значения – 241,7 (206,4; 259,3) гс. Испытания ФП показали статистически значимые различия давления в отсутствие КЭ (p &lt; 0,001): максимальная нагрузка зарегистрирована под ФП 2‑го типа (вискоза/полиэфир) – 141,0 (140,2; 142,1) гс, минимальная – под ФП 1‑го типа из полиэфира с большей поверхностной плотностью – 14,5 (14,3; 15,6) гс; ФП 3‑го типа обеспечивало промежуточный уровень – 65,7 (64,9; 69,3) гс.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Разработанный in vitro стенд демонстрирует высокую чувствительность к различиям жесткости КЭ и свойств ФП и может использоваться как скрининговый инструмент для количественной сравнительной оценки прототипов многослойных повязок с участками дифференцированной компрессии до проведения исследований in vivo.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>периферические отеки</kwd><kwd>лимфедема</kwd><kwd>компрессионная терапия</kwd><kwd>комплексная деконгестивная терапия</kwd><kwd>бинт короткой растяжимости</kwd><kwd>дифференцированная компрессия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>peripheral edema</kwd><kwd>lymphedema</kwd><kwd>compression therapy</kwd><kwd>complex decongestant therapy</kwd><kwd>short-stretch bandage</kwd><kwd>differentiated compression</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Фонда содействия инновациям № 89526 от 11.12.2023.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was supported by grant No. 89526 from the Foundation for Assistance to Small Innovative Enterprises (FASIE) dated December 11, 2023.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Besharat S., Grol-Prokopczyk H., Gao S., et al. 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