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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sechenov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Sechenov Medical Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сеченовский вестник</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2218-7332</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-3348</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Сеченовский Университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47093/2218-7332.2020.11.4.5-14</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sechenov-295</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BIOMEDICAL STATISTICS TUTORIAL</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РУКОВОДСТВО ПО БИОМЕДИЦИНСКОЙ СТАТИСТИКЕ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Venn diagrams and probability in clinical research</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Применение диаграмм Венна и теории вероятностей в клинических исследованиях</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3989-2590</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Буланов</surname><given-names>Н. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bulanov</surname><given-names>N. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Буланов Николай Михайлович, канд. мед. наук, ассистент кафедры внутренних, профессиональных болезней и ревматологии</p><p>ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2, г. Москва, 119991</p><p>+7 (919) 100-22-79 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolay M. Bulanov, Cand. of Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Department of Internal, Occupational Diseases and Rheumatology</p><p>8/2, Trubetskaya str., Moscow, 119991</p><p>+7 (919) 100-22-79</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nmbulanov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0194-6389</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Блюсс</surname><given-names>О. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Blyuss</surname><given-names>O. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Блюсс Олег Борисович, канд. физ.-мат. наук, доцент кафедры педиатрии и детских инфекционных болезней; старший преподаватель, Школа физики, астрономии и математики, Университет Хартфордшира.</p><p>ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2, г. Москва, 119991</p><p>Колледж-лейн, Хатфилд, AL10 9AB, Великобритания</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oleg B. Blyuss, Cand. of Sci. (Phys. and Math.), Associate Professor, Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases; Senior Lecturer, School of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics</p><p>8/2, Trubetskaya str., Moscow, 119991</p><p>College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, United Kingdom</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9652-6856</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мунблит</surname><given-names>Д. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Munblit</surname><given-names>D. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мунблит Даниил Борисович, PhD, профессор кафедры педиатрии и детских инфекционных болезней; Почетный старший преподаватель, Секция воспаления, регенерации и развития, Национальный институт сердца и легких, Медицинский факультет</p><p>ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2, г. Москва, 119991</p><p>Эксибишн-роуд, Южный Кенсингтон, Лондон, SW7 2BU, Великобритания</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daniil B. Munblit, PhD, Professor, Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases; Honorary Senior Lecturer, Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine</p><p>8/2, Trubetskaya str., Moscow, 119991</p><p>Exhibition Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BU, United Kingdom</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4245-7346</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Назаренко</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nazarenko</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Назаренко Татьяна Валерьевна, научный сотрудник, Институт женского здоровья (Женская онкология)</p><p>Гоуэр-стрит, Лондон, WC1E 6BT</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana V. Nazarenko, Research Fellow, Institute for Women’s Health (Women’s Cancer)</p><p>Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2173-0566</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бутнару</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Butnaru</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бутнару Денис Викторович, канд. мед. наук, проректор по научной работе</p><p>ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2, г. Москва, 119991</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Denis V. Butnaru, Cand. of Sci. (Medicine), Vice-rector for Research</p><p>8/2, Trubetskaya str., Moscow, 119991</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1210-2528</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Надинская</surname><given-names>М. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nadinskaia</surname><given-names>M. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Надинская Мария Юрьевна, канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней, гастроэнтерологии и гепатологии </p><p>ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2, г. Москва, 119991</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria Yu. Nadinskaia, Cand. of Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine Propaedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology</p><p>8/2, Trubetskaya str., Moscow, 119991</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7540-1130</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Заикин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaikin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Заикин Алексей Анатольевич, канд. физ.-мат. наук, заместитель директора Центра анализа сложных систем; профессор системной медицины, Институт женского здоровья и кафедра математики</p><p>ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2, г. Москва, 119991</p><p>Гоуэр-стрит, Лондон, WC1E 6BT, Великобритания</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey A. Zaikin, Cand. of Sci. (Phys. and Math.), Deputy Director, Centre for Analysis of Complex Systems; Professor of Systems Medicine, Institute for Women’s Health and Department of Mathematics</p><p>8/2, Trubetskaya str., Moscow, 119991</p><p>Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет); Университет Хартфордшира</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University); University of Hertfordshire</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет); Имперский колледж Лондона</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University); Imperial College London</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университетский колледж Лондона</institution><country>Великобритания</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University College London</institution><country>United Kingdom</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет); Университетский колледж Лондона</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University); University College London</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>14</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Bulanov N.М., Blyuss O.B., Munblit D.B., Nazarenko T.V., Butnaru D.V., Nadinskaia M.Y., Zaikin A.A., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Буланов Н.М., Блюсс О.Б., Мунблит Д.Б., Назаренко Т.В., Бутнару Д.В., Надинская М.Ю., Заикин А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bulanov N.М., Blyuss O.B., Munblit D.B., Nazarenko T.V., Butnaru D.V., Nadinskaia M.Y., Zaikin A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.sechenovmedj.com/jour/article/view/295">https://www.sechenovmedj.com/jour/article/view/295</self-uri><abstract><p>Statistics is the science dealing with the collecting, summarizing and interpreting of associations in research data, and has a leading role in medical research. This article is an introductory publication in a series devoted to biomedical statistics. The aim of this article is to acquaint the readers with the basic concepts of Venn diagrams, probability and set theory, which are required to further understand descriptive and inferential statistics. First, we discuss the applications of Venn diagrams in current clinical research. Then we discuss the definitions of sample space, events, basic set operations (union and intersection) and their implementation in the classical approach to probability theory. All examples are introduced with Venn diagrams to illustrate the cases.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В настоящее время статистика играет ключевую роль при проведении медицинских исследований, объектом ее изучения являются накопление и обобщение данных, а также интерпретация взаимосвязей между экспериментальными данными. Данная статья открывает вводный цикл, посвященный проблемам биомедицинской статистики, и знакомит читателей с диаграммами Венна, а также с базовыми концепциями теории вероятностей и теории множеств, понимание которых необходимо для освоения принципов описательной статистики и статистики вывода. В статье представлено применение диаграмм Венна в современных клинических исследованиях, а также определены пространство элементарных событий, базовые операции с множествами (объединение, пересечение) и их применение в контексте классической теории вероятностей. Все примеры проиллюстрированы диаграммами Венна.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>статистика</kwd><kwd>теория множеств</kwd><kwd>вероятность</kwd><kwd>диаграмма Венна</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>statistics</kwd><kwd>set theory</kwd><kwd>probability</kwd><kwd>Venn diagram</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kirkwood B.R., Sterne J.A.C. Essential Medical Statistics (2nd ed.), Wiley-Blackwell, 2003. 512 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirkwood B.R., Sterne J.A.C. Essential Medical Statistics (2nd ed.), Wiley-Blackwell, 2003. 512 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Venn J. On the diagrammatic and mechanical representation of propositions and reasonings. 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