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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sechenov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Sechenov Medical Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сеченовский вестник</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2218-7332</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-3348</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Сеченовский Университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sechenov-837</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BECOMING A DOCTOR</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ВРАЧА</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>THE EMERGENCE OF A MEDICAL SPECIALTY (WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO NEUROSURGERY). PART I. SOCIAL-HISTORICAL FACTOR</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>СТАНОВЛЕНИЕ МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ НЕЙРОХИРУРГИИ). ЧАСТЬ I. СОЦИАЛЬНО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ ФАКТОР</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лихтерман</surname><given-names>Б. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Liсhterman</surname><given-names>B. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Болеслав Леонидович Лихтерман, д.м.н., профессор кафедры истории медицины, истории Отечества и культурологии</p><p>119435, г. Москва, Б. Пироговская ул., 2, стр. 2</p><p>Телефон: 8 (499) 248–57–22</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, prof. of the chair of medical history, national history and culture studies</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lichterman@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>The I.M. Sechenov First MSMU</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>85</fpage><lpage>90</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Liсhterman B.L., 2013</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лихтерман Б.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Liсhterman B.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.sechenovmedj.com/jour/article/view/837">https://www.sechenovmedj.com/jour/article/view/837</self-uri><abstract><p>This is a first part of an article which treats specialization in medicine using a system approach. Three main systemic factors (we called them discipline-making factors) are crucial for the emergence of a clinical specialty (in our case this specialty is neurosurgery): social-historical, scientific and institutional. This paper is dedicated to social-historical factor which includes level of society development (industrialization, urbanization and level of university education) and wars. The impact of World War I on subsequent birth of neurosurgery as a separate specialty in Europe and USA is demonstrated.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье описывается процесс становления медицинской специальности на примере нейрохирургии. Рассматривая нейрохирургию как систему, автор предлагает выделять системообразующие факторы, которые названы дисциплинообразующими. Таких факторов три: 1) социально-исторический, 2) естественнонаучный и 3) институциональный (организационный). В первой части работы рассматривается социально-исторический фактор, который включает уровень развития общества и войны. На примере Первой мировой войны 1914–1918 гг., которая характеризовалась большим числом черепно-мозговых травм и их последствий, показывается, что она сыграла существенную роль в появлении в 1920–1930-е гг. в странах Европы и США новой хирургической специальности — нейрохирургии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Специализация в медицине</kwd><kwd>история нейрохирургии</kwd><kwd>медицина ХХ в.</kwd><kwd>Первая мировая война</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Specialization in medicine</kwd><kwd>history of neurosurgery</kwd><kwd>medicine of the XX century</kwd><kwd>World War I</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosen G. 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