<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sechenov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Sechenov Medical Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сеченовский вестник</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2218-7332</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-3348</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Сеченовский Университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sechenov-848</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BECOMING A DOCTOR</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ВРАЧА</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>THE EMERGENCE OF A MEDICAL SPECIALTY (WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO NEUROSURGERY). PART II. NATURAL SCIENCE FACTOR</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>СТАНОВЛЕНИЕ МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ НЕЙРОХИРУРГИИ). ЧАСТЬ II. ЕСТЕСТВЕННОНАУЧНЫЙ ФАКТОР</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лихтерман</surname><given-names>Б. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Likhterman</surname><given-names>B. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Болеслав Леонидович Лихтерман, д.м.н., профессор кафедры истории медицины, истории Отечества и культурологии</p><p>119435, г. Москва, Б. Пироговская ул., 2, стр. 2</p><p>Телефон: 8 (499) 248–57–22</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Boleslav Leonidovich Lichterman, MD, prof. of the chair of medical history, national history and culture studies</p><p>2-2 B. Pirogovskaya str., Moscow, 119435</p><p>Tel.: 8 (499) 248–57–22</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lichterman@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>The I.M. Sechenov First MSMU</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>80</fpage><lpage>85</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Likhterman B.L., 2013</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лихтерман Б.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Likhterman B.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.sechenovmedj.com/jour/article/view/848">https://www.sechenovmedj.com/jour/article/view/848</self-uri><abstract><p>The second part of this paper analyses the role of scientific factor in emergence of neurosurgery. It includes special diagnostic methods, surgical instruments and new operative approaches. Aseptics, antiseptics and anesthesia as well as topical diagnosis of neurological disorders are rooted in the progress of natural sciences. Such diagnostic methods as pneumovetriculography, pneumoencephalography, myelography, cerebral angiography and EEG were invented in 1910–1920-s. Cranioplastic craniotomy enabled to enlarge trepanation window. New surgical instruments (such as Gigli saw, de Martel electric trepan, electric suction, hemostatic clips, electrocoagulation etc.) and new surgical approaches to brain structures (transnasal, suboccipital, perforation of third ventrical floor etc.) reduced postoperative mortality and facilitated neurosurgery interventions.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Во второй части статьи анализируется естественно-научный фактор становления нейрохирургии как специальности, включающей особые диагностические методики, хирургические инструменты и новые оперативные доступы. Современная нейрохирургия стала возможной благодаря успехам естествознания, обусловившим появление анестезии, асептики и антисептики, а также топической диагностики нервных заболеваний. Методы инструментальной диагностики, такие как пневмовентрикулография и пневмоэнцефалография, миелография, церебральная ангиография и электроэнцефалография, появились в 1910–1920-е гг. С появлением костно-пластической трепанации увеличивается размер трепанационного окна. Появляется новый хирургический инструментарий (пилка Джили, электротрепан Де Мартеля, электроотсос, серебряные клипсы для гемостаза, электрокоагулятор). Изучение внутричерепной гипертензии в эксперименте и клинике также сыграло существенную роль в становлении нейрохирургии. В первой пол. ХХ-го в. Разрабатываются новые оперативные доступы: трансназальный, субокципитальный, перфорация дна третьего желудочка и т.д. Новые специальные методы диагностики, оперативные доступы и хирургический инструментарий способствовали как значительному учащению нейрохирургических вмешательств, так и улучшению их исходов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>История нейрохирургии</kwd><kwd>инструментальная диагностика</kwd><kwd>костнопластическая трепанация черепа</kwd><kwd>внутричерепная гипертензия</kwd><kwd>декомпрессивная трепанация черепа</kwd><kwd>хирургические инструменты</kwd><kwd>хирургические доступы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>History of neurosurgery</kwd><kwd>instrumental diagnosis</kwd><kwd>cranioplastic craniotomy</kwd><kwd>intracranial hypertension</kwd><kwd>decompressive craniotomy</kwd><kwd>surgical instruments</kwd><kwd>surgical approaches</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Минор Л.С. Рудольф Вирхов (1821–1902) // Ж. Невр. и Псих. Корсакова. 1902; 5: 1057–1060.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minor L.S. Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) // Zh. Nevr. i Psikh. Korsakova. 1902; 5: 1057–1060.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flamm E.S. The decline of osteology and the rise of surgical neurology in the management of head injuries // Historical Aspects of the Neurosciences / Ed. by Rose F.C. and Bynum W.F. New York, N.Y.: Raven Press. 1982: 243–253.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Flamm E.S. The decline of osteology and the rise of surgical neurology in the management of head injuries // Historical Aspects of the Neurosciences / Ed. by Rose F.C. and Bynum W.F. New York, N.Y.: Raven Press. 1982: 243–253.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hutchinson J. Notes on the symptom - significance of different states of the pupil // Brain. 1878; 1(1): 57–62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hutchinson J. Notes on the symptom - significance of different states of the pupil // Brain. 1878; 1(1): 57–62.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бехкис Е.Л. Методика изучения внутричерепного давления (литературно-критическое и экспериментальное исследование). Дисс. … канд. мед. наук. Одесса. 1946: 303 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bekhkis E.L. Method for studying the intracranial pressure (literary-critical and experimental research). Doctoral diss. Odessa. 1946: 303 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leonardo R. Lives of Master Surgeons. N.Y.: Froben Press. 1948: 127–128.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leonardo R. Lives of Master Surgeons. N.Y.: Froben Press. 1948: 127–128.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walker A.E. Surgery of craniocerebral trauma // A History of Neurological Surgery / Ed. by Walker A.E. L.: Bailliere, Tindall &amp; Cox. 1951: 216–247.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walker A.E. Surgery of craniocerebral trauma // A History of Neurological Surgery / Ed. by Walker A.E. L.: Bailliere, Tindall &amp; Cox. 1951: 216–247.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kellett C.E. A Historical Introduction // In: Rowbotham G.F. Acute Injuries of the Head: their Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications and Sequels. 4th ed. Edinburgh: E. &amp;S. Livingstone. 1964: 1–19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kellett C.E. A Historical Introduction // In: Rowbotham G.F. Acute Injuries of the Head: their Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications and Sequels. 4th ed. Edinburgh: E. &amp;S. Livingstone. 1964: 1–19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Таубер А.С. Современные школы хирургии в главнейших государствах Европы. Книга вторая: Германские школы. СПб. 1890: 446–447.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tauber A.S. Modern schools of surgery in the principal European countries. Book Two: The German School. St. Petersburg. 1890: 446–447.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rogers L. The history of craniotomy: an account of the methods which have been practiced and the instruments used for opening the human skull during life // Ann. Med. Hist. 1930; 2: 495–514.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rogers L. The history of craniotomy: an account of the methods which have been practiced and the instruments used for opening the human skull during life // Ann. Med. Hist. 1930; 2: 495–514.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goodrich J.T. Historical antecedents of skull base surgery // Skull Base Surgery: Anatomy, Biology and Technology / Ed. by Janecka I.P. and Tiedemann K. Philadelphia: LippincottRaven Publishers. 1997: 17–53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goodrich J.T. Historical antecedents of skull base surgery // Skull Base Surgery: Anatomy, Biology and Technology / Ed. by Janecka I.P. and Tiedemann K. Philadelphia: LippincottRaven Publishers. 1997: 17–53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шамов В.Н. Сергей Петрович Федоров // Сборник в ознаменование сорокалетия научной, врачебной и педагогической деятельности профессора С.П. Федорова (Совет. Хир. т. V, вып. 1–3). М.-Л.: ОГИЗ. 1933: 9–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shamov V.N. Sergej Petrovich Fedorov // Collection to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of the scientific, medical and teaching of professor S.P. Fedorov (Sovet. Khir.; V (1–3)). M.-L.: OGIZ. 1933: 9–23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pool J.L. A look ahead at technical and training developments in Neurosurgery // Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med. 1959; 35(11): 734–747.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pool J.L. A look ahead at technical and training developments in Neurosurgery // Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med. 1959; 35(11): 734–747.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greenblatt S.H. Harvey Cushing’s paradigmatic contribution to neurosurgery and the evolution of his thoughts about specialization // Bull. Hist. Med. 2003; 77: 789–822.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greenblatt S.H. Harvey Cushing’s paradigmatic contribution to neurosurgery and the evolution of his thoughts about specialization // Bull. Hist. Med. 2003; 77: 789–822.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Блинков С.М., Смирнов Н.А. Смещения и деформации головного мозга. Л.: Медицина. 1967: 202 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blinkov S.M., Smirnov N.A. The displacements and deformations of the brain. L.: Medicina. 1967: 202 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Потапов А.А. и др. Современные рекомендации по диагностике и лечению тяжелой черепно-мозговой травмы // Вопр. нейрохир. 2006; 1: 3–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Potapov A.A. et al. Current recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of severe traumatic brain injury // Vopr. Nejrokhir. 2006; 1: 3–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Starr M.A. Brain Surgery. N.Y.: William Wood &amp; Co. 1893: 295 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Starr M.A. Brain Surgery. N.Y.: William Wood &amp; Co. 1893: 295 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Левшин Л.Л. Повреждения черепа и его содержимого (Русская хирургия, отдел Ха). Спб. 1903: 184 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levshin L.L. Damage to the skull and its contents (Russian Surgery, Department of HA). St. Petersburg. 1903: 184 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knapp P.C. The results of operation for the removal of cerebral tumors // Boston Med. Surg. J. 1906; 154: 124–126.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knapp P.C. The results of operation for the removal of cerebral tumors // Boston Med. Surg. J. 1906; 154: 124–126.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scarff J.E. Fifty years of neurosurgery, 1905–1955 // Int. Abst. Surg. 1955; 101: 417–513.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scarff J.E. Fifty years of neurosurgery, 1905–1955 // Int. Abst. Surg. 1955; 101: 417–513.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collmann H., Halves E., Arnold H. Neurochirurgie in Deutschland von 1880 bis 1932. // Neurochirurgie in Deutschland: Geschichte und Gegenwart. 50 Jahre Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Neurochirurgie / Hrsg. Grumme T. et al. Blackwell: Berlin-Wien. 2001: 25–77.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collmann H., Halves E., Arnold H. Neurochirurgie in Deutschland von 1880 bis 1932. // Neurochirurgie in Deutschland: Geschichte und Gegenwart. 50 Jahre Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Neurochirurgie / Hrsg. Grumme T. et al. Blackwell: Berlin-Wien. 2001: 25–77.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лукьянов Г.Н. Хирургическое лечение атетоза // Кубанский научно-медицинский вестник. 1930; 12–13: 165–174.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lukyanov G.N. Surgical treatment of athetosis // Kubansky nauchno-medicinsky vestnik. 1930; 12–13: 165–174.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
