Влияние спринтерских тренировок на здоровье костей: обзор литературы

Влияние спринтерских тренировок (CT) на здоровье костей изучено недостаточно, в особенности воздействие на минеральную плотность костной ткани (МПК) и структуру костей.

Цель. Изучить взаимосвязь CT и здоровья костей среди профессиональных спортсменов, тренирующихся с разной интенсивностью, и спортсменов-любителей разного возраста.

Материалы и методы. Поиск по базам данных PubMed, Embase и Pedro проводился с января 2009 по август 2023 г. Были получены полные тексты всех потенциально релевантных исследований и оценены по критериям включения тремя независимыми рецензентами.

Результаты. Комплексный обзор восьми исследований указывает на положительное влияние CT на здоровье костей. У спринтеров наблюдается более высокая кортикальная и трабекулярная МПК большеберцовой кости, чем в контрольной группе, с возрастным снижением МПК. Спринтеры демонстрируют значительно более высокую МПК, лучший результат в тесте прыжка со встречным движением и большую силу хвата по сравнению с бегунами на длинные дистанции. Эти преимущества СТ были выявлены в разных возрастных группах, включая спортсменов старшего возраста, у которых возрастные изменения МПК средней части большеберцовой кости были минимальными. СТ также связаны с увеличением на 21% индекса напряжения-деформации большеберцовой кости, что указывает на устойчивую прочность костей и снижение риска переломов у пожилых людей за счет подавления микро-РНК, связанных с переломами.

Заключение. СТ значительно укрепляют здоровье костей, особенно за счет повышения минеральной плотности кости и улучшения микроархитектуры кости. Включение СТ в программу физической подготовки может принести пользу как спортсменам, так и пожилым людям. Дальнейшие исследования необходимы для понимания механизмов и разработки оптимальных для здоровья костей режимов тренировок.

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